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Building a Methodology for the Design of an Environmental Services Payment Programme for the Mangroves of Mexico  [PDF]
Tania García López
Open Journal of Ecology (OJE) , 2018, DOI: 10.4236/oje.2018.83010
Abstract: Environmental Services Payment Programmes are not entirely new and they are more flexible than the usual command-and-control type of regulation. In the 1990s for example, an Environmental Services Payment programme was introduced to cope with the forestry system and pay benefits to farmers for the good that their forests would produce. This review examines the possibility of using Environmental Services Payment programmes for Mexican mangroves as they are an important resource against natural disasters, and reducing greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere, for example, and they are constantly invaded by the human race which impacts on their destruction. The review aims at constructing a methodology that can be applied to the implementation of Environmental Services Payment programmes. The value of this study is in aiming a straight arrow at the environmental problems outlined in this paper, problems that have not been fully resolved to date, especially in Mexico where it is not officially recognised that mangroves play an important role in the mitigation of greenhouse gases. Furthermore, Environmental Services Payment Programmes in Mexico have not pinpointed specific types of area. We conclude this paper with elaborating on our ten-point strategy for implementing Environmental Services Payment programmes which includes, in brief: 1) Fully accepting the importance of the mitigation of greenhouse gases via mangroves; 2) designing a Environmental/Ecosystem Services Payment Programme with particular emphasis on Mexican mangroves; 3) identifying specific environmental services and their level from local to international; 4) formation and implementation of a system of “whoever benefits must pay”; 5) building of a knowledge base of owners and others who benefit from environmental services; 6) hypothetical models of particular Environmental Services Payment programmes must be constructed; 7) clarifying who must pay; 8) grouping all sectors that must pay; 9) inspiring all actors to cooperate via 10) the impact of a Citizens’ Council, for example.
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC): Occlusive Effect and Penetration Enhancement Ability  [PDF]
R. López-García, A. Ganem-Rondero
Journal of Cosmetics, Dermatological Sciences and Applications (JCDSA) , 2015, DOI: 10.4236/jcdsa.2015.52008
Abstract: Objective: This work compares the occlusive effect and the penetration enhancement ability of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), through in vitro skin. Methods: SLN and NLC were prepared by high shear homogenization and characterized by size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, morphology and physical stability. Occlusive effect was assessed by an in vitro test and by measuring TEWL using pig skin. Skin treated with the lipid carriers was visualized by SEM. A penetration test through skin, followed by tape stripping, was carried out using Nile red as a marker. Results: SLN (200 ± 6 nm) and NLC (192 ± 11 nm) were obtained. An occlusion factor of 36% - 39% was observed for both systems, while a reduction in TEWL of 34.3% ± 14.8% and 26.2% ± 6.5% was seen after treatment with SLN and NLC, respectively. SEM images showed a film formed by the lipid carriers, responsible for the occlusion observed. No differences were found between the occlusive effect produced by SLN and NLC in both tests. NLC allowed the penetration of a greater amount of Nile red than SLN: 4.7 ± 1.3 μg and 1.7 ± 0.4 μg, respectively. Conclusion: Both carriers form a film on the skin, providing an occlusive effect with no differences between these two systems. The penetration of a marker (Nile red) into the stratum corneum was quite higher for NLC than for SLN, suggesting an influence of the composition of these particles on their penetration enhancing ability.
Photoluminescence and Structural Properties of ZnO Nanorods Growth by Assisted-Hydrothermal Method  [PDF]
S. López-Romero, M. García-H
World Journal of Condensed Matter Physics (WJCMP) , 2013, DOI: 10.4236/wjcmp.2013.33024
Abstract:

Semiconducting zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods were obtained in bulk quantity by an hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA)-assisted hydrothermal method at low temperature (90°C) with methenamine ((CH3)6N4 as surfactant and catalyst and zinc nitrate Zn(NO3)2·6H2O as Zn source. The structure and phase of ZnO nanorods were studied using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy techniques (HRTEM). The morphology of the nanostructures was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM) method. The photoluminescence (PL) properties were investigated founding two emission bands under UV excitation.

Phytoclimatic Dynamics of Mediterranean Forests under Climate Change. A Case Study in a Southern European Pinus sylvestris L. Stand  [PDF]
Javier M. García-López, Carmen Allué
American Journal of Plant Sciences (AJPS) , 2013, DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2013.43A084
Abstract:

Some effects of climate change on the composition and competitive capacity of southern European Pinus sylvestris L. forests in the Mediterranean basin were evaluated. The variation over the period 1910-2008 through 30-year mobile averages of a Phytoclimatic Suitability Index (PSI) of the main tree species of the forest cover are used to indicate the competitive hierarchy of Pinus sylvestris and Fagus sylvatica L. The methodology was applied at a specific location on the Spanish south-facing slopes of the Pyrenees mountain range in the Iberian Peninsula, where the increase in the average temperature was 1.4?C in the period of observation. The results indicated that the apparent equilibrium between the two species studied changed from the 1934-1963 average. Due to the loss of competitive capacity of Scots pine with respect to European beech, particularly from the years 1970-1999, the model predicted an inversion of the situation as it was up until now, so that beech had a higher PSI than pine. The phytoclimatic approach proposed here offers new methodological horizons for the study of the effects of climate change on the future of the forests.

Greedy energy points with external fields
A. López García
Physics , 2009,
Abstract: In this paper we introduce several extremal sequences of points on locally compact metric spaces and study their asymptotic properties. These sequences are defined through a greedy algorithm by minimizing a certain energy functional whose expression involves an external field. Some results are also obtained in the context of Euclidian spaces $\mathbb{R}^{p}$, $p\geq 2$. As a particular example, given a closed set $A\subset\mathbb{R}^{p}$, a lower semicontinuous function $f:\mathbb{R}^p\to(-\infty,+\infty]$ and an integer $m\geq 2$, we investigate (under suitable conditions on $A$ and $f$) sequences $\{a_{i}\}_{1}^{\infty}\subset A$ that are constructed inductively by selecting the first $m$ points $a_{1},...,a_{m}$ so that the functional \[ \sum_{1\leq i
Economic Assessment and Socio-Economic Evaluation of Water Use Efficiency in Artichoke Cultivation  [PDF]
José García García, Fulgencio Contreras López, Domenico Usai, Caterina Visani
Open Journal of Accounting (OJAcct) , 2013, DOI: 10.4236/ojacct.2013.22008
Abstract: The aim of this work is to provide a methodology for analysing socioeconomic aspects of water resource management that will provide with an objective decision making tool. To validate the proposed analysis method here, we refer to three artichoke production options. The economic evaluations indicate that the drip irrigation systems are viable and profitable. The traditional method of flooding is not a viable option despite needing the lowest investment, but is close to the viability threshold. In reference to water use efficiency, option 1 is by far the most effective (3.60 kg·m-3 compared with 2.25 and 2.18 kg·m-3, respectively). In our analysis we find that the most productive systems generate the most employment per unit of surface area. Option 1 is the most competitive in relation with the water factor, since it could support prices up to 0.53 €·m-3 and still be economically viable. System 2 will not be viable if the price exceeds 0.22 €·m-3. Option 3 is viable up to 0.17 €·m-3, which is more than is paid at the present time in Sardinia, although such an option would not be viable in south-eastern Spain.
Assessment of Seismic Indirect Losses Based on Utility Curves  [PDF]
Jaime García-Pérez, Eric García-López
Open Journal of Civil Engineering (OJCE) , 2019, DOI: 10.4236/ojce.2019.93015
Abstract: In the process of quantifying optimum seismic design parameters, the losses implying the failure of the system must be assessed. Intangibles such as human lives may lie among indirect losses. In this paper, we propose a model to calculate the value of the investment that society should be willing to make for saving lives. In order to do this, we analyze both individual and social problems. However, special treatment is given to the individual problem where the value of the life of a human being is inferred by what the person should be willing to pay or willing to accept to reduce the risk of dying. Due to the use of utility curves in the calculation of this kind of intangible, we pay special attention to shape and requirement conditions of these curves. We also pay attention when personal impact and legacies or bequests are considered in utility curves. The results are shown through some applications, especially in the computation of optimum seismic design coefficients at a low seismicity site.
Ethical Principles Underlying the Assessment of Indirect Losses Due to Earthquakes  [PDF]
Jaime García-Pérez, Eric García-López
Open Journal of Civil Engineering (OJCE) , 2021, DOI: 10.4236/ojce.2021.112012
Abstract: The reliability optimization process in earthquake engineering requires that the expected present value of the total cost is minimized, including the initial cost as well as the damage costs caused by earthquakes, which include indirect costs. One of these costs is concerned with how much society is willing to invest for preserving human life. Ethical principles, on which to base the assessment of this cost, are presented and discussed in this work. Individual and social values are analyzed. Finally, an optimal seismic design coefficient with the results obtained is calculated for a site with low seismicity.
La construcción de los conocimientos psicoterapéuticos durante la práctica profesional del psicólogo
López García,Hamlet;
Humanidades M？？dicas , 2009,
Abstract: this article presents a qualitative research within the framework of the social studies of science. this research aims to describe how psychotherapeutic knowledge is constructed. thus, six experienced specialists were interviewed. results confirm the construction of psychotherapeutic knowledge through a constant process of reflection and elaboration of professional practice, in a continuously critical dialogue using theoretical and practical references permanently updated by practice. although being particular, these results provide valuable suggestions about the formation of psychotherapists.
Evaluación del programa de Vigilancia Epidemiológica en Salud laboral: Red de Médicos Centinela de Salud Laboral en Navarra (1998-2007)
García López,V.;
Anales del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra , 2011, DOI: 10.4321/S1137-66272011000300008
Abstract: background. to evaluate the sentinel surveillance program in occupational health in navarre for the 1998-2007 period, identify factors that facilitate its implementation and describe the socioeconomic characteristics of the notified cases. method. an analysis was made of all occupational sentinel events reported by primary care between 1998 and 2005. all of these were followed through to 2007. results. in the whole period 2,055 cases were notified; 1,223 with personal identifications and 832 without (59.5% and 40.5%). these included 1,192 elbow tendinitis, 354 carpal tunnel and 417 dermatitis cases. this represents an incidence rate of 332.8 per 100,000 workers in 2005. only 21% took sick leave and 10.5% had come to primary care after being refused attention by occupational medical insurers. the positive predictive value was 70% (confirmed as occupational). 41% of those work-related diseases were officially notified, 51% received official notification first and the remaining 49% received notification after being seen by a doctor in the public health system. conclusions. the sentinel surveillance program in occupational health in navarra is a good experience in obtaining an information system that connects the public health system and the occupational compensation system in spain, but it requires close monitoring and coordination.
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